Chapter 5 review

1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7.
8. it gives the sugar that is neccessary for a long run.
9. they're all formed by carbohydrate bonds.
10. Steroids circulate in the body as chemical signals. Also, the steroids make male and female to have differerent appearance.
11. polypeptides are the chains that are linked together with amino acids to make proteins.
12. Denaturation cause the proteins to loose its own shape which makes to have different functions and properties.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up speicifc reations in cells

Enzymes and Activation Energy
*start chemical reacion, weakening chemical bonds in the reactant molecule is necessary
- molecule need to asorb energy
- ex) burn a candle, need initial energy with math
- Activation energy-'start up' energy
- activate reaction and triggers a chemical reaction
* provide energy - heat up the mixture of molecules
- hotter may collide with enough energy to weaken bonds
-disadvantages: reaction the may destroy cell's dedictate structure
- Catalysts: an asistance that cellualar reacions depend on
- Enzymes: speicalized protein that is the main catalysts of chemical reaction in organism
. provide away fo reactions to occur at the cell's normal temp.
- no supply activation energy
- lovers energy requirment barrier so reaction can proceed requiremal cell temp.

How Enzymes work
How does each enzyme catalyze only for one type of reaction?
=Reason: sape of each enzyme fits the shape of particular reactant molecule
- substrate: a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
- active site: substrate fits into particular region of the enzyme

* Not rigid fit etween substrate and enzyme
- substrate enter- active site ahnge shape slightly- place functional groups
* Another way of lovering activaion energy = accepting two reactant molecule into adjavent sites
- holding reactants together enables them to react more easily
- ensyme can catalyze formation of larger molecules from smaller molecule

A structrure &shpe are essential to function
- sensitive to change in surrounding environment - temp., pH
- only survive and function within certain range of conditions

Concept Check
1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enxyme affect activation energy?
2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

Protein perform most functions

protein="first place"
The function of proteins
protein: a polymer constructed from a set of just 20kinds of monomers alled amino acids
- responsible for all of day-to-day functioninf of organism

Amino acids
Amno acids monomers: consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four patners




-carbon's partners
1. hydrogen atoms
2. carboxyl group
3. amino group

*diff. in type of amino acid=side group that attaches to fourth bond of central carbon
-responsible for particular chemical properties of each amoni acid

Building a protein
polypetide: a chain that is linked by amino acids together to created proteins
- link-dehydration reaction- amino group of 1amino acids & carboxyl group of next amino acid
- protein= 1/2 polypetide chains
*body can make variety of proteins by arranging diff. amino acids in diff. order

Protein shape
*protein in the simple form of amino acids linked together can not function properly
-functional protein= one or more polypeptides precisely twisted
* protein's shape is influenced by surrounding environment which is usually water
-water attrat hydrophilic; reject hydrophobic
- hydrophilic amino acids orient toward olutside edges of protein
* An unfavorablechange in temp. pH or other quality of environment can cverse a protein a unravel and lose its normal shape

- Since protein's function depends on shape, protein, that becom denatured and loses its shape also lose its ability to work properly

Key concept
1.Give at least two examples of proteins you can see in the world around you. What are their functions?
2. Relate amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins.
3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.
4. Which parts of an amoino acids'sd structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?

Lipids include fats and sterioids

Characterisitcs of Lipids
lipids: oil's inability to mix with water that is typical of the class of water avoiding compounds
hydrophobic: water -avoiding molecules; meaning water fearing
- important funtion of lipids


Fats
Fat: 3-carbon backloon, called glycerol attahed to three fatty acids which contain long hydrocarbon chains
- some fats= solid in room temp.
- storing energy for later use, fatty tissues ushion your organs&provide body with insulation
Saturated fat: a fat in which all three fatty acd chains contain maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fat: contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains
- diet rich in saturated fat-unhealthy
Steroids
Steriods: a lipid molecule in which the carbojn skeleton forms four fused rings
-all steroids have four rings; diff. inds and location of functional group
-classified as lipids

Small differences in functional groups
-variation cause major diff. appearance between men & women
cholestral: essential molecule found in the membranes that surround cells
-starting point of proliving other steroids inbody
- despite neccesity, has bad reputation


Concept Check
1. What property do lipids share?
The property of lipid
2. What are the parts of a fat molecule?
3. Describe two ways that steroids differe from fats.
4. What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label means?

Carbonhydrate provide fuel and building material

Carbonhydrate
= small molecules dissolved in drinks/ food
= importatn source of energy

Sugars
carbonhydrate =organic compound made up of sugar molecules
- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; 1:2:1
- core of sugar molecules-nature for carbon skeleton=ring shape

Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides = one sugar unit that simply made up of sugar molecules
-ex) glucose, frutose, galactose (ends sufix -ose)
*one or more of simple sugars are found in sweet things
-ex)honey=glucose + frutose
-glucose exists in straight chain &ring shped forms
- molecular structure& simplified structure

*Sugar molecules, particularly glucose, main fuel supply for cellular work
- similar to mobile engine, cells breadk down glucose molecules &extract stored energy.
- glucose-not used immediately by cless
= incorporated into larger carbohydrates/ used to make fat molecules

Disaccharides
dehydration reacition, cells construct disaccharide from two monosaccharides
Most common: surose molecule
-major carohydrate in planet sap of maple tree
-Table sugar sucrose processed from the stem of sugarcane(roots of sugarbeets) sucrose consumed: broden down into glucose & frutose - used right awasy body also can store glucose in larger mnolecular for later use

Polysacchardes

polysaccharides: long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers' comlex carbohydrate -ex) starch: polysaccharide found inplant cells that consists entirley of glucose monomers

When plants breadk down starch molecules, stared glucose become available Animals do not have starch - instead have glycogen need sugar, energy, breadk down glyfcogen granviles, releasing glucose

*Some polysaccharides in plant, such s cellulose, serve as building materials - function: protect cells& stiffen plant (prevent from flopping over) - Many animals, including ppl, annot digest cellulose - cellulose keep digestive system healthy

1. Explain the difference bewteen a monosaccharide and a disaccharide. Give an example each. Monosacchaide is single sugar that only contains only one sugar units. Disaccharide, also called as double sugar, is formed by two monosaccharide by dehydration reaction. An example of monosaccharide is glucose and an example of disaccharide is sucrose which is formed by a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer. 2. Compare and contrast starch glycogen and cellulose. 3. How do animals store excess glucose molecules? Animals store glocose molecule in liver and muscle cells. As glycogen polymer is highly branched, it is stored as granules. When the energy is needed, it breadks down by releasing glucose which is done starch.

Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules

Carbon Skeletons and Functional groups
* why are carbon atom so common in living thing?
Bonding ability= # of electrons
-carbon=4electrons=4bonds w/ other atoms
- carbon=connecting point that other atoms can branch off

* Carbon-form w/ other carbon atoms and form endless cariety of skeletons
-Organic molecules: carbon-based molecules
-Inorganic molecules: Non-carbon-based molecules (ex: H2O)

* Carbon can bond with atoms of other element
hydrocarbons: organic molecules that are composed of only carbon & hydrogen

-important fuel

- two other frequently found atoms in organic molecules = oxygen & nitrogen

- Functional group: a group of atoms within a molecules that interact in predictable ways with other molecules.

-four atoms important in cemitry life= hydroxyl group, carbonyle group, carboxyl group and amino group.

- carbon skeleton & attached functional group = properties of organic molecules

ex) hydroxyl group = hydrophilic: attract water molecuoles

-Most organic molecules has hydroxyl groups=hydrophilic because it is surrounded by water molecules in environment

Monomers & Polymers

Some biomolecules- composed of hundred/millions of atoms
- built from similar, smaller moleculer units: monomers
- cells linked together in long chain: polymers
May form:
- straight chain of monomers
- branching chains that fold back themselves
* Vast diversity of life polymers
every living cells - thousands of diff. kind of polymers vary- specific molecules
- individual of same species
- same species
* four life's large molecules categories:
- carbonhydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

Building & Breading polymers
Each time Monomers + chain, water molecules released
=dehydration: removing(de) water(hydro)
Reaction- regardless of specific monomers and types of polymer produced
*Organism-build&break polymers
ex) food; polymers
- need to breadk down giant molecules= make monomers available to cells
- further breadk down monomers - obtain energy - build more polymers
- Breadk down by adding water to them
* Water removed to build polymer, water is added to breadk it down

Concept Check

1. Draw a molecule that has a threecarbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle carbon.

2. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers

Monomers are small units that built large molecules. Also, the links of monomers is called polymers. This means that a long chains of monomers that are linked together is called polymers. Polymers are composed with monomers.

3. What molecule is released during construction of polymer? What is this reaction called?

During construction of polymers, water molecules are released. To build polymer chain, there should be two hydrogen and one oxygen should be released which makes one water molecule atom. This reaction is called dehydration reaction.

4.Draw at least three ways in which five carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeleton.