Chapter 8.2

Light Energy&Pigments
pigment&color
when light shines on material contains pigments, three things happen to different wavelength:absorbed, transmitted, reflected

Identifying Chloroplast
By using paper chromatography, canobserve different pigments in green leaf
pigments
By using paper chromatography, canobserve different pigments in green leaf

Harvesting light energy
-in the chloroplast; within thylakoid membrane, photosystem exits.
-each time pigment absorb light energy, one of pigment's electron gain energy

key terms:
wavelength: difference between two adjacent waves
electromagnetic spectrum: the range of types of electromagnetic energy
pigment: chemical compound that make substance's color
paper chromatography: laboratory technique that is used to observe the different pigments in green leaf
photosystem: clusters that is arranged by chlorophyll and other membrane within thylakoid molecule

concept check:
1. The leaf appears green because of the light that leaf observes. The leaf observes different types of light but there isn't alot of green pigments that it is gaining. Therefore, the pigment is showing the green by changing other ones to make seem like green in appearance.
2. When chlorophyll a gains the light, the change of the plant would not be no longer green, instead would be different color which doesn't get much light on.
3. Besides oxygen, two molecules that are produced are ATP and NADPH which are both transfered to calvin cycle and used for making more products.But also, the hydrogen ions are also released as a result.
4. In the chloroplast, the light reaction takes place at the thylakoid membrane. The reactions are tkaen on the membrane and the molecules are transferred from one stage to the other by floowing the routine of the membrane.

Chapter 8.1

The structure of Chloroplast
Chloroplast:Mostly contained by leaves
Leaves:
- IN: Chloroplats are concentrated in a mesophyll cells
- Out/Surface: Tiny pores,stomata
- Veins: deliver organic molecules produced in leaves to other parts

*Chloroplast structure= key to function
-inner&outer membrane: encloses stroma

Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis<->cellular respiration
=use 'excited' electrons with CO2+H+->sugar molecules
= 6CO2+H2O-> C6H12O6+6O2
*photosynthesis ocurs in 2stages: light reaction&calvin cycle

light reaction
*converting sunlight energy to chemical energy
(depends on molecules built into memebrane of thylakoids)
Q:What becomes of water's electron&hydrogen ions?
-chloroplast use them to make energy rich molecule NADPH
-Chloroplast use capture light to generate ATP

Calvin cycle
*calvin cycle= make sugar from atoms in CO2+H++high energy electrons carried by NADPH
-sometimes, referred as light independent reaction but need two inputs supply by sunlight reaction, ATP& NADPH

Key terms:
chloroplast: cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll: chemical compund that give organelles a green color
stroma: a tink fluid in inner membrane
thylakoid: disk-shaped sacs in the stroma
light reaction: process of converting sunlight energy to chemical energy
calvin cycle: make sugar from atoms in carbon dioxide plus hydrogen and high energy electron carried by NADPH

Concept Check:
2.The reactant of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide and water whereas the product of it is oxygen and sugar or glucose.
3. The two main stage of photosynthesis are light reactions and calvin cycle. When they are happening, they exchange the products from individual's products. For ATP and NADPH, they are transferred from light reaction to calvin cycle whereas NADP+ and ADP+P are transferred from calvin cycle to light reaction