Chapter 8.2

Light Energy&Pigments
pigment&color
when light shines on material contains pigments, three things happen to different wavelength:absorbed, transmitted, reflected

Identifying Chloroplast
By using paper chromatography, canobserve different pigments in green leaf
pigments
By using paper chromatography, canobserve different pigments in green leaf

Harvesting light energy
-in the chloroplast; within thylakoid membrane, photosystem exits.
-each time pigment absorb light energy, one of pigment's electron gain energy

key terms:
wavelength: difference between two adjacent waves
electromagnetic spectrum: the range of types of electromagnetic energy
pigment: chemical compound that make substance's color
paper chromatography: laboratory technique that is used to observe the different pigments in green leaf
photosystem: clusters that is arranged by chlorophyll and other membrane within thylakoid molecule

concept check:
1. The leaf appears green because of the light that leaf observes. The leaf observes different types of light but there isn't alot of green pigments that it is gaining. Therefore, the pigment is showing the green by changing other ones to make seem like green in appearance.
2. When chlorophyll a gains the light, the change of the plant would not be no longer green, instead would be different color which doesn't get much light on.
3. Besides oxygen, two molecules that are produced are ATP and NADPH which are both transfered to calvin cycle and used for making more products.But also, the hydrogen ions are also released as a result.
4. In the chloroplast, the light reaction takes place at the thylakoid membrane. The reactions are tkaen on the membrane and the molecules are transferred from one stage to the other by floowing the routine of the membrane.

Chapter 8.1

The structure of Chloroplast
Chloroplast:Mostly contained by leaves
Leaves:
- IN: Chloroplats are concentrated in a mesophyll cells
- Out/Surface: Tiny pores,stomata
- Veins: deliver organic molecules produced in leaves to other parts

*Chloroplast structure= key to function
-inner&outer membrane: encloses stroma

Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis<->cellular respiration
=use 'excited' electrons with CO2+H+->sugar molecules
= 6CO2+H2O-> C6H12O6+6O2
*photosynthesis ocurs in 2stages: light reaction&calvin cycle

light reaction
*converting sunlight energy to chemical energy
(depends on molecules built into memebrane of thylakoids)
Q:What becomes of water's electron&hydrogen ions?
-chloroplast use them to make energy rich molecule NADPH
-Chloroplast use capture light to generate ATP

Calvin cycle
*calvin cycle= make sugar from atoms in CO2+H++high energy electrons carried by NADPH
-sometimes, referred as light independent reaction but need two inputs supply by sunlight reaction, ATP& NADPH

Key terms:
chloroplast: cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll: chemical compund that give organelles a green color
stroma: a tink fluid in inner membrane
thylakoid: disk-shaped sacs in the stroma
light reaction: process of converting sunlight energy to chemical energy
calvin cycle: make sugar from atoms in carbon dioxide plus hydrogen and high energy electron carried by NADPH

Concept Check:
2.The reactant of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide and water whereas the product of it is oxygen and sugar or glucose.
3. The two main stage of photosynthesis are light reactions and calvin cycle. When they are happening, they exchange the products from individual's products. For ATP and NADPH, they are transferred from light reaction to calvin cycle whereas NADP+ and ADP+P are transferred from calvin cycle to light reaction

Chapter 5 review

1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7.
8. it gives the sugar that is neccessary for a long run.
9. they're all formed by carbohydrate bonds.
10. Steroids circulate in the body as chemical signals. Also, the steroids make male and female to have differerent appearance.
11. polypeptides are the chains that are linked together with amino acids to make proteins.
12. Denaturation cause the proteins to loose its own shape which makes to have different functions and properties.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up speicifc reations in cells

Enzymes and Activation Energy
*start chemical reacion, weakening chemical bonds in the reactant molecule is necessary
- molecule need to asorb energy
- ex) burn a candle, need initial energy with math
- Activation energy-'start up' energy
- activate reaction and triggers a chemical reaction
* provide energy - heat up the mixture of molecules
- hotter may collide with enough energy to weaken bonds
-disadvantages: reaction the may destroy cell's dedictate structure
- Catalysts: an asistance that cellualar reacions depend on
- Enzymes: speicalized protein that is the main catalysts of chemical reaction in organism
. provide away fo reactions to occur at the cell's normal temp.
- no supply activation energy
- lovers energy requirment barrier so reaction can proceed requiremal cell temp.

How Enzymes work
How does each enzyme catalyze only for one type of reaction?
=Reason: sape of each enzyme fits the shape of particular reactant molecule
- substrate: a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
- active site: substrate fits into particular region of the enzyme

* Not rigid fit etween substrate and enzyme
- substrate enter- active site ahnge shape slightly- place functional groups
* Another way of lovering activaion energy = accepting two reactant molecule into adjavent sites
- holding reactants together enables them to react more easily
- ensyme can catalyze formation of larger molecules from smaller molecule

A structrure &shpe are essential to function
- sensitive to change in surrounding environment - temp., pH
- only survive and function within certain range of conditions

Concept Check
1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enxyme affect activation energy?
2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

Protein perform most functions

protein="first place"
The function of proteins
protein: a polymer constructed from a set of just 20kinds of monomers alled amino acids
- responsible for all of day-to-day functioninf of organism

Amino acids
Amno acids monomers: consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four patners




-carbon's partners
1. hydrogen atoms
2. carboxyl group
3. amino group

*diff. in type of amino acid=side group that attaches to fourth bond of central carbon
-responsible for particular chemical properties of each amoni acid

Building a protein
polypetide: a chain that is linked by amino acids together to created proteins
- link-dehydration reaction- amino group of 1amino acids & carboxyl group of next amino acid
- protein= 1/2 polypetide chains
*body can make variety of proteins by arranging diff. amino acids in diff. order

Protein shape
*protein in the simple form of amino acids linked together can not function properly
-functional protein= one or more polypeptides precisely twisted
* protein's shape is influenced by surrounding environment which is usually water
-water attrat hydrophilic; reject hydrophobic
- hydrophilic amino acids orient toward olutside edges of protein
* An unfavorablechange in temp. pH or other quality of environment can cverse a protein a unravel and lose its normal shape

- Since protein's function depends on shape, protein, that becom denatured and loses its shape also lose its ability to work properly

Key concept
1.Give at least two examples of proteins you can see in the world around you. What are their functions?
2. Relate amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins.
3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.
4. Which parts of an amoino acids'sd structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?

Lipids include fats and sterioids

Characterisitcs of Lipids
lipids: oil's inability to mix with water that is typical of the class of water avoiding compounds
hydrophobic: water -avoiding molecules; meaning water fearing
- important funtion of lipids


Fats
Fat: 3-carbon backloon, called glycerol attahed to three fatty acids which contain long hydrocarbon chains
- some fats= solid in room temp.
- storing energy for later use, fatty tissues ushion your organs&provide body with insulation
Saturated fat: a fat in which all three fatty acd chains contain maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fat: contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains
- diet rich in saturated fat-unhealthy
Steroids
Steriods: a lipid molecule in which the carbojn skeleton forms four fused rings
-all steroids have four rings; diff. inds and location of functional group
-classified as lipids

Small differences in functional groups
-variation cause major diff. appearance between men & women
cholestral: essential molecule found in the membranes that surround cells
-starting point of proliving other steroids inbody
- despite neccesity, has bad reputation


Concept Check
1. What property do lipids share?
The property of lipid
2. What are the parts of a fat molecule?
3. Describe two ways that steroids differe from fats.
4. What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label means?

Carbonhydrate provide fuel and building material

Carbonhydrate
= small molecules dissolved in drinks/ food
= importatn source of energy

Sugars
carbonhydrate =organic compound made up of sugar molecules
- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; 1:2:1
- core of sugar molecules-nature for carbon skeleton=ring shape

Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides = one sugar unit that simply made up of sugar molecules
-ex) glucose, frutose, galactose (ends sufix -ose)
*one or more of simple sugars are found in sweet things
-ex)honey=glucose + frutose
-glucose exists in straight chain &ring shped forms
- molecular structure& simplified structure

*Sugar molecules, particularly glucose, main fuel supply for cellular work
- similar to mobile engine, cells breadk down glucose molecules &extract stored energy.
- glucose-not used immediately by cless
= incorporated into larger carbohydrates/ used to make fat molecules

Disaccharides
dehydration reacition, cells construct disaccharide from two monosaccharides
Most common: surose molecule
-major carohydrate in planet sap of maple tree
-Table sugar sucrose processed from the stem of sugarcane(roots of sugarbeets) sucrose consumed: broden down into glucose & frutose - used right awasy body also can store glucose in larger mnolecular for later use

Polysacchardes

polysaccharides: long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers' comlex carbohydrate -ex) starch: polysaccharide found inplant cells that consists entirley of glucose monomers

When plants breadk down starch molecules, stared glucose become available Animals do not have starch - instead have glycogen need sugar, energy, breadk down glyfcogen granviles, releasing glucose

*Some polysaccharides in plant, such s cellulose, serve as building materials - function: protect cells& stiffen plant (prevent from flopping over) - Many animals, including ppl, annot digest cellulose - cellulose keep digestive system healthy

1. Explain the difference bewteen a monosaccharide and a disaccharide. Give an example each. Monosacchaide is single sugar that only contains only one sugar units. Disaccharide, also called as double sugar, is formed by two monosaccharide by dehydration reaction. An example of monosaccharide is glucose and an example of disaccharide is sucrose which is formed by a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer. 2. Compare and contrast starch glycogen and cellulose. 3. How do animals store excess glucose molecules? Animals store glocose molecule in liver and muscle cells. As glycogen polymer is highly branched, it is stored as granules. When the energy is needed, it breadks down by releasing glucose which is done starch.